Pieces of iron and débris were thrown as far as Peñacastillo, 8 km (5 mi) away, where a person was killed by the falling debris. At 4:45 pm a huge explosion destroyed the ship and nearby buildings and created a huge wave that washed over the seafront. Municipal firefighters and crew from other boats boarded Cabo Machichaco to help fight the fire, while local dignitaries and a large crowd of people watched from the shore. The ship was laden with 51 tons of dynamite and 12 tons of sulfuric acid from Galdácano, Basque Country, but authorities were unaware of this. On 3 November 1893, in Santander, Spain, the steamship Cabo Machichaco caught fire when it was docked. Rubble from the detonation was used in 1890 to fill the gap between Great Mill Rock and Little Mill Rock, merging the two into a single island, Mill Rock. The explosion has been described as "the largest planned explosion before testing began for the atomic bomb". The explosion sent a geyser of water 250 ft (76 m) in the air the blast was felt as far away as Princeton, New Jersey. Army Corps of Engineers detonated 300,000 pounds (150 t) of explosives on Flood Rock, annihilating the island, in order to clear the Hell Gate tidal strait for the benefit of East River shipping traffic. On 10 October 1885 in New York City, the U.S. The Battle of the Crater (as it was later named) was thus a victory for the Confederacy. The Union forces failed to break through the Confederate defences despite the success of the mine.
Union forces suffered 3798 casualties (killed, wounded, or captured) vs 1491 total losses for the Confederates. Trapped in the crater of their own making, the Union forces were easy targets for the Confederate soldiers once they recovered from the shock of the explosion. After the explosion, attacking Union forces charged into the crater instead of around its rim. The explosion killed 278 Confederate soldiers of the 18th and 22nd South Carolina regiments and created a crater 170 feet (52 m) long, 100 to 120 feet (30 to 37 m) wide, and at least 30 feet (9 m) deep.
on 30 July 1864, the Union Army of the Potomac besieging the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia at Petersburg, Virginia detonated a mine containing 320 kegs of gunpowder, totalling 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) under the Confederate entrenchments.
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The blast was felt as far as 35 kilometres (22 mi) away in Ghent, where windows vibrated.įurther information: Battle of the Crater and Siege of Petersburgĭuring the US Civil War at 4:44 a.m. A small tsunami arose in the river, the ground shook for kilometres around and a large, dark cloud covered the area. There was then a devastating blast that killed 800 Spaniards on the bridge, throwing bodies, rocks and pieces of metal a distance of several kilometres. It did not explode immediately, which gave time for some Spaniards, believing the ship to be a conventional fire ship, to board it to attempt to extinguish it. Three of the hellburners failed to reach the target, but one containing four tons of explosive struck the bridge. The Dutch launched four large hellburners (explosive fire ships filled with gunpowder and rocks) to destroy the bridge and thereby isolate the city from reinforcement. On 4 April 1585, during the Spanish siege of Antwerp, a fortified bridge named "Puente Farnesio" (after the commander of the Spanish forces, Alessandro Farnese) had been built by the Spanish on the River Scheldt. No distinction is made as to whether it is a deflagration with subsonic propagation or a detonation with supersonic propagation.īefore World War I Fall of Antwerp The weight of an explosive does not correlate directly with the energy or destructive effect of an explosion, as these can depend upon many other factors such as containment, proximity, purity, preheating, and external oxygenation (in the case of thermobaric weapons, gas leaks and BLEVEs).įor this article, explosion means "the sudden conversion of potential energy (chemical or mechanical) into kinetic energy", as defined by the US National Fire Protection Association, or the common dictionary meaning, "a violent and destructive shattering or blowing apart of something". An unambiguous ranking in order of severity is not possible a 1994 study by historian Jay White of 130 large explosions suggested that they need to be ranked by an overall effect of power, quantity, radius, loss of life and property destruction, but concluded that such rankings are difficult to assess. This list contains the largest known examples, sorted by date. There have been many extremely large explosions, accidental and intentional, caused by modern high explosives, boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVEs), older explosives such as gunpowder, volatile petroleum-based fuels such as gasoline, and other chemical reactions.
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